High isolation tunable MEMS capacitive switch

ABSTRACT

The systems and methods described herein provide for a radio frequency micro-electromechanical systems switch having two or more resonant frequencies. The switch can be configured as a capacitive shunt switch having a deflectable member coupled between two electrodes over a transmission line. A first insulator can be located between one of the electrodes and the deflectable member to form a capacitive element. The deflectable member can be deflectable between an up-state and a down-state, the down-state capacitively coupling the deflectable member with the transmission line. The degree by which the deflectable member overlaps the first insulator can be adjusted to adjust the capacitance of the capacitive element and the resulting resonant frequency.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/080,112, filed Mar. 14, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,265,647, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/552,906, filed Mar. 12, 2004, which applications are fully incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The systems and methods described herein relate generally to micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and, more particularly, to a MEMS capacitive switch that facilitates high isolation wideband tuning.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Radio frequency micro-electromechanical system (RF MEMS) switches are basic building blocks for construction of various RF components and sub-systems such as variable capacitors, phase shifters, tunable RF matching circuits/filters, and reconfigurable antennas, to name a few. RF MEMS switches can be classified in two general groups based on their electrical contact methods: 1) metal-to-metal ohmic (or DC) contact switches, known as resistive series switches, and 2) capacitive contact switches, known as capacitive shunt switches. The resistive series switches typically have a small up-state capacitance, e.g., on the order of 2-8 femptofarads (fF), that exhibits excellent isolation from DC to 20-40 Gigahertz (GHz), and also a small down-state contact resistance of 1-2 ohms (Ω) that results in a low insertion loss of 0.1-0.2 decibels (dB). However, because resistive switches rely on multiple metallic surfaces in contact with each other during current passage, microwelding and stiction become significant drawbacks of resistive switch implementation.

To address these and other drawbacks, capacitive shunt switches were developed using a coplanar waveguide (CPW) topology, in which a metallic membrane of the switch is in contact with an insulative dielectric layer (typically SiN_(x) or SiO₂) that covers the signal electrode of the conductive line. The shunt capacitive switch typically has an up-state capacitance of 20-70 fF and low signal line resistance of 0.1Ω that results in a low insertion loss. When the capacitive switch is closed, it has a down-state capacitance of 2-5 picofarads (pF) yielding an almost ideal RF short to ground, thereby providing high isolation only at relatively high radio frequencies (e.g., above 15 GHz).

Although capacitive RF MEMS switches have advantages over resistive switches in the amelioration of microwelding and stiction issues, the isolation of capacitive switches tends to be fair (˜20 dB) at 10-25 GHz and poor (˜10 dB) below 10 GHz. This poor isolation at frequencies below 10 GHz precludes capacitive switches from being employed for most commercial applications. Various designs to improve the isolation of capacitive switches in the down-state have been proposed. For instance, some designs, referred to as inductively tuned X-Band switches, have added an additional inductive conductive-line section to the standard design in order to achieve an 8 dB improvement in isolation. However, these X-Band switches only achieve improved isolation in the 10+ to 12 GHz frequency range because it becomes very difficult to further lower the resonant frequency to C-band frequencies due to the impractically large inductance required. To sufficiently increase the inductance requires a shape change of conductive line and brings in discontinuity for the waveguide, which requires difficult design compensations.

Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide capacitive RF MEMS switches capable of achieving higher isolation across low frequency ranges.

SUMMARY

The systems and methods described herein provide for an RF MEMS switch having two or more resonant frequencies. In one exemplary embodiment, which is described below as an example only and not to limit the invention, the switch includes a first electrode and a second electrode having a first insulator located thereon, a conductive line located between the first and second electrodes and having a second insulator located thereon and a deflectable member coupled with the first electrode and the first insulator located on the second electrode, where the deflectable member is in spaced relation with the conductive line. The deflectable member is preferably deflectable between an up-state, which can be out of contact with the second insulator, and a down-state, which is preferably capacitively coupled with the second insulator. The switch preferably has two resonant frequencies in the down-state. The lower resonant frequency can be adjusted, in part, by adjusting the area that the deflectable member covers the first insulator.

The switch can also include one or more mode conversion members suspended between the first electrode and the second electrode and over the conductive line at a predetermined distance from the deflectable member. The mode conversion member can have a first side and a second side opposite the first side, where the conductive line is configured to allow propagation of an RF signal in a coplanar waveguide (CPW) mode along a first portion of the conductive line located between the deflectable member and the first side of the mode conversion member, and in both a coupled slotline (CSL) mode and the CPW mode along a second portion of the conductive line located adjacent to the second side of the mode conversion member.

Also provided is an example method of fabricating an RF MEMS switch, which is described below as an example only and not to limit the invention. The example method can include forming a first electrode, a second electrode and a conductive line between the first and second electrodes, then forming a first insulator layer on at least a portion of the second electrode and a second insulator layer on at least a portion of the conductive line located between the electrode and suspending a deflectable member between the first and second electrodes and over the insulator layer on the conductive line, where the deflectable member covers at least a portion of the first electrode and at least a portion of the insulator layer on the second electrode. The first electrode, second electrode and conductive line can all be formed on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate.

Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. It is also intended that the invention is not limited to require the details of the example embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The details of the invention, including fabrication, structure and operation, may be gleaned in part by study of the accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to like segments.

FIG. 1A is a top-down view depicting one exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system.

FIGS. 1B-C are cross-sectional views taken along line 1B-1B of FIG. 1A depicting additional exemplary embodiments of the RF MEMS system.

FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional view taken along line 1D-1D of FIG. 1A depicting another exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system.

FIG. 2A is a top-down view depicting another exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system.

FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2B-2B of FIG. 2A depicting another exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system.

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the S-parameters versus frequency for the exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system switch depicted in FIGS. 2A-B.

FIG. 4 is a illustrative view depicting the electric field phase in the exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system switch depicted in FIGS. 2A-B.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of another exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system switch in the down-state.

FIG. 6A is a graph depicting the isolation versus frequency for various overlap lengths in the exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system switch depicted in FIGS. 2A-B.

FIG. 6B is a graph depicting the isolation versus frequency for various mode conversion member distances in the exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system switch depicted in FIGS. 2A-B.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting an exemplary method of fabricating an exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system.

FIG. 8A is a top-down view depicting another exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system.

FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view taken along line 8B-8B of FIG. 8A depicting another exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system.

FIG. 9 is a graph depicting the isolation versus frequency for the exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system switch depicted in FIGS. 8A-B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The systems and methods described herein provide for an RF MEMS capacitive switch capable of wideband tuning at low frequencies with high isolation. In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the switch operates in a CPW mode having a first resonant frequency and a coupled slotline (CSL) mode having a second, lower resonant frequency. The second resonant frequency position can be controlled by adjusting the inductance of the transmission line and/or the capacitance of the switch. The second resonant frequency, in one exemplary embodiment, can be in the range of 2-10 Ghz, which is a range suitable for use in many commercial wireless applications.

FIGS. 1A-D depict exemplary embodiments of RF MEMS system 100 including the capacitive switch 102 and two mode conversion members 120 and 122. Here, the switch 102 has a first electrode 104, a second electrode 106 and a conductive line 108 located on a substrate 110. The second electrode 106 and the conductive line 108 are each covered by insulators 107 and 109, respectively. A deflectable member 112 is coupled with the first electrode 104 and the first insulator 107 and placed in spaced relation with the conductive line 108 and second insulator 109. The deflectable member 112 is preferably deflectable between a first position, or up-state, shown in the top view of FIG. 1A and the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1B, taken along line 1B-1B, and a second position, or down state, shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1C, also taken along line 1B-1B.

The conductive line 108 is preferably configured as a transmission line for allowing the propagation of an RF signal between an input port 130 and an output port 132. The electrodes 104 and 106 can be coupled with a common voltage node placed at a single potential, which is preferably ground. The switch 102 operates in a manner similar to a conventional capacitive shunt switch. When the difference in electric potential between the deflectable member 112 and the transmission line 108 becomes great enough, the attractive force causes the deflectable member to deflect from the up-state, where the deflectable member 112 is preferably out of contact with the insulator layer 109 and conductive line 108, to the down-state, where the deflectable member 112 is preferably coupled with or in close proximity to the insulator layer 109. Once in the down-state, the deflectable member 112 is capacitively coupled with the transmission line 108 and can yield an almost ideal RF short to ground, thereby isolating the input port 130 from the output port 132.

The mode conversion members 120 and 122 are preferably configured facilitate interfacing with other components in system 100. The mode conversion members 120 and 122 are preferably each located a predetermined distance AP from the deflectable member 112, which in this embodiment is substantially the same distance. Here, the mode conversion members 120 and 122 are symmetrically coupled with electrodes 104 and 106 and placed in spaced relation over the transmission line 108. FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional view taken along line 1D-1D of FIG. 1A and depicts one exemplary embodiment of mode conversion member 122, which is substantially similar to mode conversion member 120.

In the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1A-D, the combination of the deflectable member 112, the insulator layer 109 and the transmission line 108 forms a first metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitive element 114 and the combination of the deflectable member 112, the insulator layer 107 and the second electrode 106 forms a second MIM capacitive element 116, referred to herein as the tuning capacitor 116.

Introduction of the tuning capacitor 116 introduces asymmetry into the switch 102 and break the CPW symmetry properties of signal propagation along the transmission line 108. The RF signal instead propagates in the CSL mode where the electric field potential has the same direction in both gaps 117 and 118, as opposed to the CPW mode where the electric field potential has opposite directions in each gap 117 and 118. Placement of the symmetric mode conversion members 120 and 122 causes the RF signal to switch modes from the CPW mode to the CSL mode and back. For instance, an RF signal propagating from input port 130 to mode conversion member 120 is preferably in the CPW mode, once past mode conversion member 120, the RF signal converts to the CSL mode where it stays until it reaches mode conversion member 122. Mode conversion member 122 causes the RF signal to convert back to the CPW mode where it remains until it reaches output port 132. It should be noted that introduction of the asymmetry can be accomplished in any manner desired, and is not limited to use of a MIM capacitive element such as the one described with respect to FIGS. 1A-C. Also, system 100 is not limited to the bridge-like mode conversion members 120 and 122 depicted in FIGS. 1A-D and, in fact, any mode conversion member configuration capable of converting between the CPW and CSL modes can be used.

As mentioned above, the tuning capacitance can be adjusted to adjust the lower resonant frequency of the switch 102. The capacitance of the tuning capacitor 116 is preferably adjusted by adjusting the degree by which the deflectable member 112 overlaps the second electrode 106, indicated by CL in FIGS. 1A-C. Generally, the greater the overlap length CL, the larger the capacitance of the tuning capacitor 116. Because the resonant frequency has an approximate linear relationship with the tuning capacitance, then the greater the tuning capacitance, the lower the resonant frequency. Adjustment of the overlap length CL does not have a significant effect on the electrical and mechanical properties of the deflectable member 112 and, therefore, minimum effort in design of switch 102 is required.

One of skill in the art will readily recognize that the manner in which the capacitance of the tuning capacitor is adjusted is dependent on the layout and configuration of the tuning capacitor 116. The systems and methods described herein are not limited to a tuning capacitor 116 formed by overlapping layers. In fact, the systems and methods described herein can be implemented with any type, configuration or placement of the tuning capacitor 116, the capacitance of which can be adjusted in any manner suitable for the actual implementation.

FIGS. 2A-B depict another exemplary embodiment of the RF MEMS system 100 having switch 102 (mode conversion members 120 and 122 are preferably included although not shown). FIG. 2A depicts a top-down view of the switch 102 and FIG. 2B depicts a cross-sectional view of the switch 102 taken along line 2B-2B. In this embodiment, the switch 102 is fabricated on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate 110 using a low temperature deposition process such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/751,131, filed on Dec. 31, 2003 and entitled “MEMS Fabrication on a Laminated Substrate,” which is fully incorporated by reference herein. Each electrode 104 and 106 is covered with a conductive layer 401 and 402, such as copper, in order to raise the height of the electrodes 104 and 106 relative to the transmission line 108. In this embodiment, the width W of the transmission line 108 is 200 micrometers (μm), the width G of the gaps between the transmission line 108 and either electrode 104 and 106 is 45 μm and the thickness H of the substrate is 1.5 millimeters (mm). Also, the thickness t_(m) of the transmission line 108 and the electrodes 104 and 106 is approximately 17 μm, the thickness g of the conductive layers 401 and 402 is approximately 5 μm, the thickness t_(n) of the insulator layers 107 and 109 is approximately 0.2 μm and the width W_(m) of the deflectable member 112 is approximately 200 μm.

FIG. 3 depicts the simulation results of the S-parameters of the exemplary embodiment of the switch 102 in FIGS. 2A-B in the down-state. The simulation results using the Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) as well as the simulation results from the electromagnetic (EM) structure model are shown. The EM model includes a 0.1 μm air gap between the deflectable member 112 and the electrode 104 because in practical applications, the contact here may be less than ideal due to surface roughness. In this embodiment, the distance AP of the mode conversion members 120 and 122 from the deflectable member 112 is 0.5 mm and the overlap length CL is 25 μm. As can be seen, the S₂₁ parameter has a resonant frequency (f_(21L)) at 5.2 Ghz with 28 dB of isolation and the S₁₁ parameter has a resonant frequency at 6 Ghz. The S₂₁ and S₁₁ parameters cross each other at a frequency (f_(c)) of 1.6 Ghz, which is determined in part by the tuning capacitance (C_(T)).

FIG. 4 depicts the simulated electric field distribution along a line in the center of each of gaps 117 and 118 for the exemplary embodiment of the switch 102 depicted in FIGS. 2A-B, where the distance AP of the mode conversion members 120 and 122 from the deflectable member 112 is 0.5 mm, the overlap length CL is 75 μm and the RF signal frequency is 5.2 Ghz. As can be seen here, in portion 502 to the left of mode conversion member 120, the RF signal travels in the CPW mode. While in the CPW mode, the phase, or direction (indicated by the arrows), of the electric field in each of the gaps 117 and 118 is opposite and act to cancel each other out. In portion 504 located between mode conversion member 120 and the deflectable member 112, the RF signal is converted into both the CPW mode and the CSL mode. While in the CSL mode, the phase of the electric field in each of the gaps 117 and 118 is the same resulting in the accumulation of those fields.

A schematic of an exemplary embodiment of the switch 102 in the down-state is depicted in FIG. 5. Here, the switch 102 includes two RLC paths 202 and 204. RLC path 202 includes inductive element L_(C), capacitive element C_(C) and resistive element R_(C), while RLC path 204 includes inductive element L_(S), capacitive element C_(S) and resistive element R_(S). In this embodiment, the RLC path 202 determines the resonant frequency of the CPW mode and the RLC path 204 determines the resonant frequency of the CSL mode. The overlap length CL controls how much energy is reflected in the CSL and CPW modes, thus determining the value of C_(S) and C_(C). The inductance L_(S) is determined by how far the signal travels in the CSL mode, i.e., the distance AP between the deflectable member 112 and the mode conversion member 120 or 122. The resonant frequency can therefore be adjusted to a lower frequency by increasing the value of CL and/or AP. The inductance L_(C) corresponds to the inductance of the deflectable member 112.

The switch shunt impedance Z is given by (1):

$\begin{matrix} {{{Z = \left( {R_{S} + {j\;\omega\; L_{S}} + \frac{1}{j\;\omega\; C_{S}}} \right)}}\left( {R_{C} + {j\;\omega\; L_{C}} + \frac{1}{j\;\omega\; C_{C}}} \right)} & (1) \end{matrix}$ The S-parameters in a Z₀ two-port network system of a shunt impedance are given by (2) and (3):

$\begin{matrix} {S_{11} = \frac{- Z_{0}}{{2\; Z} + Z_{0}}} & (2) \\ {S_{21} = \frac{2\; Z}{{2\; Z} + Z_{0}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$ When S₁₁ and S₂₁ are crossed at a low frequency f_(c), Z=½Z₀. Since at low frequency the impedance due to resistance and inductance can be neglected compared with that due to the capacitance, the total value of C_(S) and C_(C) can be determined by (4):

$\begin{matrix} {{C_{S} + C_{C}} = \frac{1}{\pi\; f_{c}Z_{0}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$ The lower resonant frequency f_(21L) of S₂₁ generated by the CSL mode is given by

$\begin{matrix} {f_{21\; L} = \frac{1}{2\;\pi\sqrt{L_{S}C_{S}}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$ The return loss S₁₁ will also have a resonant frequency f₁₁ when it equals zero. By plugging (1) into (2), one can obtain the return loss resonant frequency as (6)

$\begin{matrix} {f_{11} = \frac{1}{2\;\pi\sqrt{\left( {L_{S} + L_{C}} \right)\frac{C_{S}C_{C}}{C_{S} + C_{C}}}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$ Since the membrane inductance L_(C) is much smaller than the transmission line 108 inductance L_(S), it can be neglected at first. By combining (4), (5) and (6), one can determine L_(S), C_(S) and C_(C), which are the major contribution to the equivalent circuit model.

From the S-parameters of the switch 102 with AP at 0.5 mm and CL at 25 μm at the down-state as shown in FIG. 3, L_(S), C_(S) and C_(C) can be calculated as 940 picoHenries (pH), 1.02 pF and 2.96 pF, respectively. In this embodiment, the S-parameters calculated from the equivalent circuit model fit very well with those from the EM simulation after adjusting the values of R_(S), R_(C) and L_(C) as shown in FIG. 3.

The simulated isolation as a function of frequency for different overlap lengths CL and positions AP of the mode conversion members 120 or 122, are depicted in FIGS. 6A-B, respectively. For comparison, the RF performance of a conventional MEMS capacitive switch with the same dimensions is also shown. When AP is 2.0 mm and CL is 25 μm, the switch 102 has a resonant frequency of 3.1 GHz with isolation as high as 28 dB, while the regular MEMS switch has only 6 dB of isolation. When AP is shortened to 1 mm and 0.5 mm, the inductance L_(S) decreases and the resonant frequencies are 4 GHz and 5.2 GHz, respectively. The isolation at these resonant frequencies improves to 21 dB and 19 dB, respectively.

Table I presents the equivalent circuit model parameters for embodiments of the switch 102 with CL fixed at 25 μm. The sum of C_(S) and C_(C) corresponds to the deflectable member 112 capacitance and the capacitance of the MIM element 116 and remains constant. It should be noted that the individual value of these two capacitances is determined by the value of CL. It can be seen here that the values of C_(S) and C_(C) do not change for different positions AP since the value of CL is fixed.

TABLE I AP (mm) L_(S) (pH) C_(S) (pF) C_(C) (pF) 0.5 940 1.02 2.96 1.0 1450 1.07 2.83 2.0 2730 0.97 2.89

It should be noted that additional capacitive (or inductive) elements can be included in system 100 to provide a third or more resonant frequencies or to further tune the first or second resonant frequencies. For instance, an additional capacitive or inductive element can be placed between the deflectable member 112 and ground in order to provide a third resonant frequency. Alternatively, an additional capacitive or inductive element can be placed in series with the MIM capacitive element 116 to allow further fine tuning of the resonant frequency.

As mentioned above, the switch 102 can be fabricated directly on PCB substrate 110 using a low temperature deposition process such as high density inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDICP CVD), which is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/751,131. FIG. 7 depicts one exemplary method 700 of fabricating the switch 102 with the HDICP CVD process. It should be noted however that switch 102 can be fabricated with any process that allows fabrication directly on the PCB substrate 110. First, at 702, the electrodes 104 and 106 and the transmission line 108 are patterned and wet etched from the upper conductive layer of the PCB substrate, preferably copper, to form the CPW structure. The transmission line 108 is preferably a 50 Ω transmission line. The electrodes 104 and 106 can extend outwards from the transmission line 108 as far as desired.

Next, at 704, the electrodes 104 and 106 are covered, preferably electroplated, with a conductive layer, such as copper and the like, to form conductive layers 401 and 402. Then, at 706, an insulator layer, such as silicon nitride and the like, is deposited on the transmission line 108 and on the conductive layers 401 and 402 using the HDICP CVD process. At 708, the silicon nitride layer is patterned and etched, preferably with reactive ion etching (RIE), to form insulator layers 107 and 109.

Next, at 710, a compressive molding planarization process (COMP), which is also described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/751,131, is used to deposit and planarize a sacrificial photoresist layer to form a surface on which the deflectable member 112 and mode conversion members 120 and 122 can be deposited. The photoresist is preferably planarized to substantially the same height as the electrodes 104 and 106, conductive layers 401 and 402 and insulator layer 107 (in regions where present). It should be noted that any process can be used to form the underlying surface of the deflectable member 112 and mode conversion members 120 and 122 and that method 700 is not limited to the COMP process.

At 712, a conductive layer, such as aluminum and the like, is deposited over the photoresist, patterned and etched to form the deflectable member 112. At 714, a conductive layer is deposited, preferably electroplated, to form the mode conversion members 120 and 122 if optionally desired. Finally, at 716, the sacrificial photoresist layer is removed to leave the deflectable member 112 and mode conversion members 120 and 122 in spaced relation over the transmission line 108.

FIGS. 8A-B depict another exemplary embodiment of the RF system 100 having the switch 102. FIG. 8A depicts a top-down view of the switch 102 and FIG. 8B depicts a cross-sectional view taken along line 8B-8B. In this embodiment, the electrodes 104 and 106 are configured as posts and are coupled with the ground plane 801 of the PCB substrate 110 by way of via connections 802 and 804. The transmission line 108 is configured as a microstrip line coupled with an input and an output port (not shown). Conventional capacitive microstrip-based switches typically have one resonant frequency in the range of 2 to 8 Ghz. By introducing the tuning capacitor 116, the single resonant frequency splits into two resonant frequencies also in the range from about 2 to 8 GHz, as depicted in FIG. 9, resulting in a dual-band tunable asymmetric microstrip RF MEMS switch. These two resonant frequencies can be each tuned to any desired frequency range with the operating band, allowing the switch 102 to be employed in a dual band RF system, such as frequency reconfigurable antenna and the like.

One of skill in the art will readily recognize that the simulation results of FIGS. 3, 4, 6A-B and 9 are directly related to the exemplary values of their respective embodiments. Variations in these values will likewise produce variations in the simulation results. The simulation results of FIGS. 3, 4, 6A-B and 9 and the values of the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 2A-B are intended only to allow easier description of the systems and methods described herein and should not be used to limit the present invention in any way.

In the embodiments described with respect to FIGS. 1-7, the transmission line 108 and electrodes 104 and 106 form a CPW for transmission of the RF signal, and in the embodiments described with respect to FIGS. 8-9, the transmission line 108 is configured as a microstrip line for transmission of the RF signal. It should be noted that the switch 102 can be implemented with various types of waveguides and transmission lines, including, but not limited to a CPW, microstrip line, stripline and other waveguides and transmission lines. Furthermore, the deflectable member 112 can be actuated using many various forces, including, but not limited to electrostatic, magnetostatic, thermal, piezoelectric forces, and the like.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. For example, each feature of one embodiment can be mixed and matched with other features shown in other embodiments. Features and processes known to those of ordinary skill may similarly be incorporated as desired. Additionally and obviously, features may be added or subtracted as desired. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. 

1. A radio frequency (RF) micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch system, comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode, the second electrode having a first insulator located thereon; a conductive line located between the first and second electrodes and having a second insulator located thereon; and a deflectable member coupled with the first electrode and the first insulator located on the second electrode, the deflectable member being in spaced relation with the conductive line, wherein the deflectable member is deflectable between an up-state out of contact with the second insulator and a down-state coupled with the second insulator, wherein the first electrode, second electrode and conductive line are located on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate.
 2. A radio frequency (RF) micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch system, comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode, the second electrode having a first insulator located thereon; a conductive line located between the first and second electrodes and having a second insulator located thereon; and a deflectable member coupled with the first electrode and the first insulator located on the second electrode, the deflectable member being in spaced relation with the conductive line, wherein the deflectable member is deflectable between an up-state out of contact with the second insulator and a down-state coupled with the second insulator, wherein the switch has a first resonant frequency and a second resonant frequency, the first resonant frequency being at least partially determined by a capacitance between the deflectable member and the second electrode.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the deflectable member covers a predetermined area of the first insulator, the predetermined area at least partially determining a capacitance between the deflectable member and the second electrode.
 4. A radio frequency (RF) micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch system, comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode, the second electrode having a first insulator located thereon; a conductive line located between the first and second electrodes and having a second insulator located thereon; a deflectable member coupled with the first electrode and the first insulator located on the second electrode, the deflectable member being in spaced relation with the conductive line, wherein the deflectable member is deflectable between an up-state out of contact with the second insulator and a down-state coupled with the second insulator, wherein the deflectable member covers a predetermined area of the first insulator, the predetermined area at least partially determining a capacitance between the deflectable member and the second electrode; and a mode conversion member suspended between the first electrode and the second electrode and over the conductive line, the mode conversion member being located at a predetermined distance from the deflectable member.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the switch has a first resonant frequency and a second resonant frequency, the first resonant frequency being at least partially determined by the predetermined distance.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the mode conversion member is a first mode conversion member located at a first predetermined distance from a first side of the deflectable member, the system further comprising a second mode conversion member located at a second predetermined distance from a second side of the deflectable member.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the first and second distances are the same.
 8. The system of claim 5, wherein the mode conversion member has a first side and a second side opposite the first side, and wherein the conductive line is configured to allow propagation of an RF signal in a first mode along a first portion of the conductive line located between the deflectable member and the first side of the mode conversion member, and in a second mode along a second portion of the conductive line located adjacent to the second side of the mode conversion member.
 9. A radio frequency (RF) micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch, comprising: a first conductive segment, a second conductive segment and a third conductive segment; and a deflectable member resistively coupled with the first conductive segment and capacitively coupled with the second conductive segment, wherein the deflectable member is deflectable between a first position out of contact with the third conductive segment and a second position capacitively coupled with the third conductive segment.
 10. The switch of claim 9, wherein the first conductive segment, the second conductive segment and the third conductive segment are located on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate.
 11. The switch of claim 9, wherein the first and second conductive segments are ground planes and the third conductive segment is a signal line.
 12. The switch of claim 9, wherein the switch has a first resonant frequency and a second resonant frequency.
 13. The switch of claim 9, further comprising a mode conversion member suspended between the first conductive segment and the second conductive segment and over the third conductive segment, the mode conversion member being located at a predetermined distance from the deflectable member.
 14. The switch of claim 9, wherein the deflectable member is coupled with a first insulator coupled with the second conductive segment.
 15. The switch of claim 9, wherein the deflectable member is coupled with a second insulator coupled with the third conductive segment when the deflectable member is in the second position.
 16. The switch of claim 12, wherein the deflectable member is coupled with a first insulator coupled with the second conductive segment.
 17. The switch of claim 12, wherein the deflectable member is coupled with a second insulator coupled with the third conductive segment when the deflectable member is in the second position. 